Can Humor and Science Communication Mix?

“Why does it seem so taboo to be funny when talking about sustainability?” Larry Washington asks in the Shelton Group environmental marketing blog.

I think about this question often. Because I’ve spent so much time with science professionals, I have some insights about why humor might seem jarring to them.

When scientists meet marketers, they tend to be cautious and skeptical. Scientists understand that marketers can sell their ideas, but the suggestions jolt them out of their comfort zones. If the marketers don’t produce numbers that show their outreach ideas will work, the scientists may discount the suggestions.

Scientists are cautious for a good reason; they have a great deal to lose. They value their professional reputations very highly. If someone has worked for 10 years to complete a Ph.D. and has gone on to build a portfolio of publications, that person is not going to want to throw away the credibility he or she has worked so hard to build.

Scientists work hard to construct their reputations. So asking a scientist to put humor on a website can be like asking an architect to put an explosive under a newly completed building without knowing whether it will detonate or not.

Red button

Marketers should communicate to scientists that humor and other expressive forms of writing can be used in ways that are both professional and credible.

Although humor can increase public interest in science, it can backfire and reduce scientists’ credibility. In some settings, addressing this concern directly might help to resolve the problem. Involving scientists in the outreach process – for example, inviting them to tell stories, make podcasts, or participate in video projects – is another way to build support for nontraditional communication.

In person, scientists do appreciate humor – despite media stereotypes that say otherwise. They are often good storytellers, especially if they teach. But these stories don’t go into their public portfolios. Their official presence says, “Just the facts.”

Why I Use Concrete Language in this Blog

“Concrete” has become a favorite word of mine this year. If I keep using it often, I may have to look for a synonym in Word Spy.

Why do I love the word “concrete?” It’s not because I am from Chicago. It’s because my experience translating science has shown me the disadvantages of relying on abstract language.

I spent many hours during graduate school translating research into teaching tips to help professors increase the diversity of the science workforce. The resource book we produced recommends using case studies and making education more interactive.

In environmental and public health contexts, abstract language sometimes falls flat. This can disappoint people who communicate science to other audiences.

Dominoes collapsing

Abstract language doesn't stand up as well as one might expect.

The Shelton Group posted a story which shows how effective firsthand experience can be – even for people who may think in abstract terms. Dr. Don Berwick, head of the Institute for Healthcare Improvement, took a direct approach to motivating hospital staff to improve safety. He asked them to learn the personal histories of patients who had died in their institutions. Seeing the safety statistics concretely – not as numbers in a report – moved the staff to change their behavior.

Although numbers play a central role in environmental and health communication, adding concrete details can make these numbers come alive. Connecting stories about science to practical reality can heighten their interest and increase their impact.

Is There Sunshine in Environmental News?

After writing about global warming and a zombie apocalypse, I decided it was time for an optimistic post.

Cautionary messages have raised public awareness of environmental issues. Although warnings can earn news coverage for a problem, they don’t support behavior change directly and may even discourage audiences.

Clockwork canary in a cage

The "canary in a coal mine" approach to outreach can increase news coverage of environmental issues, but it doesn't change behavior effectively.

In 2009, Grist responded to the discouraging nature of environmental news by starting a project called HopenSource. Although the site is no longer active, the positive stories are still online – including posts on JELL-O cups, a CSA farm program designed for the South Bronx, and a bike path made of ink cartridges. I hope the magazine will revive this project.

Social Media Make Science Writing a Two-Way Conversation

Social media are changing the dynamics of science communication. If you visualize communication as a flow chart, the arrow is no longer pointing in just one direction. Here are some examples.

  1. User interface design research shows how much readers appreciate audience-oriented websites. When the creators of Facebook wanted their site to become popular, they didn’t design a website with pages for each of their departments; they focused on user interaction. Audience goals and interests determine the site design.
  2. Social media outreach requires time; it is an ongoing community-building project. In the past, organizations would post reports online and expect readers to track them down. Today, many readers seek out groups that will communicate with them. Static content isn’t as attention-getting as it was a few years ago.
  3. If you’re interested in science or research but don’t have a degree in the field, you can participate in online citizen science projects, wiki writing and crowdsourced fact-checking. In the 1980s, these opportunities didn’t exist yet.

Changing the social dynamics of science has both positive and negative effects. Unscientific America points out that there are many unreliable sources competing with more accurate ones for air time. Reviewing content collaboratively can address many of these issues, but quality control is also important. Some websites, including Quora, are making sustained efforts to provide reliable answers. If someone posts on Wikipedia that a UFO landed at the royal wedding in Britain, it’s likely that an editor will fix the entry.

What Science Communication and Cooking Have in Common

While preparing a stir-fry, I realized that I make an assumption in the kitchen which is very similar to one that people make about science communication.

Since I cook regularly, I know how to identify all the spices in the cabinet near my stove. And because I buy spices in bulk, most of the spice bottles are unlabeled.

If you’ve ever had the opportunity to leaf through a science article you couldn’t understand, you’ll see where I am going with this analogy.

Spices

The red spices on my shelf include Cajun spice, two types of paprika, and three varieties of curry. If house guests choose the wrong bottle, the results will not be what they expected. Even if they miss the strongest curry, I don’t think they would want to substitute Hungarian paprika for Cajun spice.

Mistakes in science communication can have worse effects than spoiling a dinner recipe. Often, people who are communicating about science make assumptions about how much audiences will understand. For example, I’ve seen the word “nanotechnology” used without a definition in many articles. A large fraction of the United States population doesn’t understand what this word means.

Finally, I often see the assumption that decision makers and experts in other fields will automatically be aware of issues in a science field – even though a MBA, for example, may not include courses that relate directly to nanotechnology.

More Inspiration Fuel…

Like many jobs, writing becomes much more fun once you have the right tools. Why else would people buy Moleskine journalism notebooks?

If you’re using a standard word processing program for writing, try visiting some of these websites.

  • Liquid Story Binder isn’t free. But it is gorgeous. The software allows writers to make storyboards that combine images, text, outlines, mind maps and even audio files related to a story, book or journal. (I expect e-books will include more multimedia, sooner or later.)
  • WriteRoom helps Mac users write without being distracted by those artistically designed icons on their desktops.
  • iWrite Assistant can track manuscript submissions, queries and payments. It’s also an online Rolodex for publisher contacts. But it can’t bring you coffee… yet.
  • PageFour is a word processing program for creative writing. It subtracts many of the features writers are unlikely to use and adds new archiving, editing and formatting options.
Liquid Story Binder screenshot

Liquid Story Binder in action

There are other programs out there that you might also want to try. And then, of course, there are notebooks and journals. For example, here’s a recycled, leather-bound journal. There’s nothing wrong with writing by hand.

Recycled leather journal

I don't think I'd buy one of these for myself, but I do accept PayPal.

Writer’s block busters

Although creative writing isn’t the main focus of this blog, I’ve collected some useful tools that I’d like to share here. They range from practical advice that I completely support to techniques that I will probably never try.

The advice in the article “How to Finish a Writing Project” is similar to my basic outlook. Concisely:

  1. Read a lot. Have adventures. Polish your writing skills. (This is an ongoing process.)
  2. Have an idea. Get excited about it. Don’t tell anyone.
  3. Find a room with a door that you can close. Start spending uninterrupted blocks of time there, developing the idea.
  4. Flesh out the basic structure for the project. Make sure the plot is well-constructed. (You don’t want the reader to get confused when a character who died in Chapter 3 reappears in Chapter 5.)
  5. Write the first draft without seeking critical input. (Avoid excessive self-editing. Being concise is good, but you can always condense the text later.)
  6. Take a break, if you need to.
  7. Network with other writers and editors, if you haven’t already done so, and start exchanging/critiquing/etc.. Keep an eye out for problems that might need repair, but don’t edit so much that you strip the meaning out of your work.
  8. Revise, revise and revise.
  9. Learn basic information about publishing and publicity. Identify your audiences, including potential agents and/or publishers. Send your work out into the world. Don’t be upset when you get rejections in the mail. Ask friends to help you stay motivated.

The next steps will depend on what type of project you are doing. But even if you land a great contract with a short deadline, remember to keep repeating step 1 throughout the process.

Two tools I have not used are Storymash, a collaborative writing site, and Write or Die, an anti-procrastination tool. Storymash looks like a good way to experiment with ideas and techniques. Write or Die looks too stressful for my taste. It might be helpful for Ph.D. dissertations or other grueling but necessary projects.